Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (IATA: HNL, ICAO: PHNL, FAA LID: HNL), also known as Honolulu International Airport, is the principal aviation gateway of the City and County of Honolulu on Oahu in the State of Hawaii. It is identified as one of the busiest airports in the United States, with traffic now exceeding 21 million passengers a year and rising.
The airport is named after the U.S. Senator and Medal of Honor recipient Daniel K. Inouye, who represented Hawaii from 1963 until his death in 2012. The airport is located in the Honolulu census-designated place three miles (5 km) northwest of Honolulu's central business district. Main roads leading to the airport are Nimitz Highway and the Queen Liliuokalani Freeway of Interstate H-1.
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport serves as the principal hub of Hawaiian Airlines, the largest Hawaii-based airline. It offers flights between the various airports of the Hawaiian Islands and also serves the continental United States, Australia, New Zealand, American Samoa, Tahiti, Japan, China, the Philippines, and South Korea. It is host to major United States and international airlines, with direct flights to North American, Asian, and Pacific Rim destinations. In addition to services to most major western cities and many smaller gateways, especially in California, the airport has succeeded in attracting long-haul services to the East Coast including the recently added destinations of Toronto-Pearson and Washington-Dulles, which have joined established services to Atlanta, New York-JFK and Newark.
It is also the base for Aloha Air Cargo, which previously offered both passenger and cargo services under the name Aloha Airlines. This airline ceased passenger flights on March 31, 2008, and sold off its cargo services to Seattle-based Saltchuk Resources, Inc. (also owners of inter-island sea-based shipping company Young Brothers and Hawaiian Tug & Barge).
In 2012, the airport handled 19,291,412 passengers, 278,145 aircraft movements and processed 412,270 metric tonnes of cargo. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017-2021, in which it is categorized as a large-hub primary commercial service facility.
Video Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
History
HNL opened in March 1927 as John Rodgers Airport, named after World War I naval officer John Rodgers. It was funded by the territorial legislature and the Chamber of Commerce, and was the first full airport in Hawaii: aircraft had previously been limited to small landing strips, fields or seaplane docks. From 1939 to 1943, the adjacent Keehi Lagoon was dredged for use by seaplanes, and the dredged soil was moved to HNL to provide more space for conventional airplanes.
The U.S. military grounded all civil aircraft and took over all civil airports after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and Rodgers Field was designated Naval Air Station Honolulu. The Navy built a control tower and terminal building, and some commercial traffic was allowed during daylight hours. Rodgers Field was returned to the Territory of Hawaii in 1946. At the time, at 4,019 acres (16.26 km2), it was one of the largest airports in the United States, with four paved land runways and three seaplane runways.
John Rodgers Airport was renamed Honolulu Airport in 1947; "International" was added to the name in 1951. Being near the center of the Pacific Ocean it was a stop for many transpacific flights. By 1950 it was the third-busiest airport in the United States in terms of aircraft operations, and its 13,097-foot (3,992 m) runway was the longest in the world in 1953. In summer of 1959 Qantas began the first jet service to Honolulu on its flights between Australia and California. Qantas introduced these jet flights with Boeing 707 aircraft operating a routing of Sydney - Fiji - Honolulu - San Francisco. Aeronautical engineer and airline consultant, Frank Der Yuen, advised in the design of the original building and founded its aerospace museum.
The original terminal building on the southeast side of runways 4 was replaced by the John Rodgers Terminal, which was dedicated on August 22, 1962 and opened on October 14, 1962. From 1970 through 1978, the architect Vladimir Ossipoff designed a terminal modernization project that remodeled this terminal and created several additions, which included the Diamond Head Concourse in 1970, the Ewa Concourse in 1972, and the Central Concourse in 1980.
Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) used Honolulu as a transpacific hub for many years, initially as a connecting point between the West Coast and Polynesia (Fiji, New Caledonia and New Zealand) in 1946, followed by service to East Asia through Midway Island and Wake Island from 1947. By 1960, Pan American was serving the airport with Boeing 707 jets. Pan Am flight number 1 operated with a 707 flew a westbound routing of San Francisco - Honolulu - Wake Island - Tokyo - Hong Kong with this flight then continuing on to New York City via stops in Asia and Europe with the airline also operating nonstop 707 service to Los Angeles and Portland, OR with the latter flight continuing on to Seattle as well as direct 707 jet service from Honolulu to Calcutta, Guam, Jakarta, Karachi, Manila, Rangoon, Saigon and Singapore in 1960. United Airlines was flying nonstop Douglas DC-6 "Mainliner" service from San Francisco in 1947 and by 1961 was operating Douglas DC-8 jet service nonstop from Los Angeles and San Francisco with direct one stop DC-8 flights from both Chicago and New York City . British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines (BCPA) began serving the airport during the mid 1940s with Douglas DC-4 aircraft flying a routing of Sydney - Auckland - Fiji - Canton Island - Honolulu - San Francisco - Vancouver, B.C. In 1950, Northwest Airlines was operating nonstop flights from Seattle with Boeing 377 Stratocruiser propliners and by 1961 Northwest was flying daily Douglas DC-8 jet service on a round trip routing of New York City - Chicago - Seattle - Portland, OR - Honolulu. Also in 1950, Canadian Pacific Air Lines (which later became CP Air) was operating service between western Canada and Australia with a routing of Vancouver - Honolulu - Canton Island - Fiji - Sydney.
Honolulu-based air carriers Aloha Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines had both introduced jet service on their respective inter-island routes in Hawaii by 1966 with Aloha operating British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets and Hawaiian flying Douglas DC-9-10 jets with both airlines also continuing to operate turboprop aircraft on their island services at this time. According to their respective timetables, Aloha was flying Fairchild F-27 and Vickers Viscount propjets while Hawaiian was operating Convair 640 propjets in addition to their new jet aircraft in 1966. Both local air carriers would eventually operate service to the U.S. mainland as well as to the South Pacific while continuing to operate inter-island flights. In 1986, Hawaiian was operating nonstop Lockheed L-1011 Tristar service from Honolulu to Las Vegas, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle as well as one stop direct service to Portland, OR and also nonstop Douglas DC-8 service to Pago Pago with this flight continuing on to Tonga. By 2003, Aloha was flying nonstop Boeing 737-700 service to Burbank, Oakland, Orange County and Vancouver, B.C. with direct one stop service to Las Vegas, Phoenix, Reno and Sacramento in addition to operating nonstop flights to Kwajalein and Pago Pago with one stop service to Majuro and Rarotonga.
In the spring of 1969, Braniff International introduced nonstop Boeing 707-320 service to Honolulu from Dallas Love Field, Houston Hobby Airport and St. Louis with one stop direct service from Atlanta, Miami and New Orleans. At the same time, United Airlines introduced daily nonstop Douglas DC-8-62 flights from New York City and was continuing to operate nonstop DC-8 service to Honolulu from Los Angeles and San Francisco. Also in 1969, Western Airlines was operating nonstop Boeing 707 and Boeing 720B service not only from several California cities but from Anchorage, Denver, Minneapolis/St. Paul and Phoenix as well and by 1981 was operating direct one stop McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 service from London Gatwick Airport via a polar route with a stop in Anchorage. By the mid-1970s Pan Am offered nonstop service from Honolulu to Japan, Guam, Australia, New Zealand and Fiji, as well as to cities on the West Coast. Continental Airlines used Honolulu as a stopover point for charter service to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War era, and to feed its Guam-based Air Micronesia operation. By the early 1970s, Continental was operating scheduled nonstop flights between Honolulu and Los Angeles, Portland, OR and Seattle with its service including Boeing 747-100 nonstops from Los Angeles and direct one stop 747 flights from Chicago while the Air Micronesia service to Guam via stops at Midway Island, Kwajalein, Majuro, Ponape (now Pohnpei) and Truk (now Chuuk State) was operated with a Boeing 727-100. American Airlines also operated flights to Auckland, Sydney, Fiji and Pago Pago via Honolulu during the early 1970s in addition to operating nonstop Boeing 707-320 flights from St. Louis.
Over the years, many foreign air carriers used Honolulu as a transpacific stopover point, including Air New Zealand, BOAC (now British Airways), British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines, Canadian Pacific Air Lines, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, Philippine Airlines, Qantas, Real Transportes Aereos (a Brazilian airline) and Singapore Airlines as well as French air carriers Union de Transports Aeriens (UTA) and its predecessor Transports Aeriens Intercontinentaux (TAI). BOAC served Honolulu as part of its around the world services during the 1960s and early 1970s, first with Bristol Britannia turboprop airliners and later with Boeing 707 and Vickers VC10 jets. Pan Am and Trans World Airlines (TWA) also served Honolulu as a stop on their respective around the world services during the early 1970s. In 1979, Braniff International was operating all of its flights from the airport with Boeing 747 aircraft with nonstops to Dallas/Fort Worth, Guam and Los Angeles as well as one stop direct service to Hong Kong and also one stop direct to Bogota in South America. Several small airlines based in the South Pacific also served Honolulu. In 1983, Air Nauru was operating Boeing 737-200 nonstop flights from Majuro with direct service from Nauru, Air Niugini was flying Boeing 707 aircraft nonstop from Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea and Air Tungaru was operating Boeing 727-100 aircraft nonstop from Christmas Island . Also in 1983, Honolulu-based South Pacific Island Airways was operating nonstop Boeing 707 service from Anchorage, Guam, Pago Pago and Papeete.
In April 1974, American Airlines, Braniff International, Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Pan Am, TWA, United Airlines and Western Airlines were all operating nonstop services on domestic routes from the U.S. mainland while CP Air, a Canadian airline, was operating international nonstop service from Vancouver and on to the South Pacific during the mid 1970s. Just over 25 years later in June 1999, U.S.-based air carriers operating domestic nonstop services from the mainland included American Airlines, American Trans Air, Continental, Delta Air Lines, Hawaiian Airlines, Northwest, TWA and United while Air Canada, Canadian Airlines International (the successor to CP Air) and Canada 3000 were operating nonstop services from Canada.
Modernization and history since 2006
On March 24, 2006, Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle unveiled a $2.3 billion modernization program for Hawaii airports over a 12-year period, with $1.7 billion budgeted for Honolulu International Airport. The plan involves implementing short-term projects within the first five years to improve passenger service and increase security and operational efficiencies.
As part of the modernization, flight display monitors throughout the airport have been upgraded, new food and beverage vendors have been added, and a new parking garage across from the International Arrivals terminal has been completed. Current projects include an international arrivals corridor with moving sidewalks built atop the breezeway leading to the Ewa Concourse. The first phase of the project was completed in October 2009, while the remainder of the two phase project was completed in 2010.
In 2011, Hawaiian Airlines renovated the check-in lobby of the Interisland Terminal, replacing the traditional check-in counters with six circular check-in islands in the middle of the lobbies, which can be used for inter-island, mainland, and international flights. This renovation project was fully funded by Hawaiian Airlines and not a part of the modernization program.
Future projects include construction of a Mauka Concourse branching off the Interisland Terminal, the first concourse expansion at Honolulu International Airport in 15 years. Construction of the concourse will involve replacing the existing Commuter Terminal. This new concourse will be for the exclusive use of Hawaiian Airlines, and will allow it to reduce use of overseas terminal gates for international and US mainland flights. This will mean less walking for passengers who check in, clear security, and use the baggage claim at the inter-island terminal. It will also free up gates in the overseas terminal for use by other airlines. Landside plans include construction of a consolidated rental car facility (CONRAC). A temporary rental car center is currently being built in the overseas parking garage so that the existing rental car facilities can be demolished to make way for the new permanent facility.
By 2012, Hawaiian Airlines was re-establishing Honolulu International Airport as a connecting hub between the United States mainland and the Asia-Pacific region. That year, according to a Massachusetts Institute of Technology study, the airport had 24% fewer domestic departure flights than it did in 2007.
During the 2016 legislative session, the Hawaii state legislature passed a resolution requesting the Department of Transportation to rename Honolulu International Airport for the late U.S. Senator and Medal of Honor recipient Daniel Inouye. The new name first appeared in Federal Aviation Administration documentation on April 27, 2017, and the airport was officially renamed in a ceremony at the airport on May 30, 2017.
Maps Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
Authority
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport is part of a centralized state structure governing all of the airports and seaports of Hawai?i. The official authority of Honolulu International Airport is the Governor of Hawai?i, who appoints the Director of the Hawai?i State Department of Transportation who has jurisdiction over the Hawai?i Airports Administrator.
The Hawai?i Airports Administrator oversees six governing bodies: Airports Operations Office, Airports Planning Office, Engineering Branch, Information Technology Office, Staff Services Office, Visitor Information Program Office. Collectively, the six bodies have authority over the four airport districts in Hawai?i: Hawai?i District, Kaua?i District, Maui District and the principal O?ahu District. Honolulu International Airport is a subordinate of the O?ahu District officials.
Facilities and aircraft
The airport has four major runways, which it operates in conjunction with the adjacent Hickam Air Force Base. The principal runway designated 8R/26L, also known as the Reef Runway, was the world's first major runway constructed entirely offshore. Completed in 1977, the Reef Runway was a designated alternate landing site for the Space Shuttle.
In addition to the four paved runways, Honolulu International Airport has two designated offshore runways designated 8W/26W and 4W/22W for use by seaplanes.
The airport covers a total area of 4,220 acres (1,708 ha) of land.
The entire terminal complex features twenty-four-hour medical services, restaurants, shopping centers and a business center with conference rooms for private use. Passengers have the option of using various short-term and long-term parking structures on the grounds of Honolulu International Airport.
For the 12-month period ending January 30, 2014, the airport had 286,897 aircraft operations, an average of 786 per day. Of these movements 53% were scheduled commercial, 25% air taxi, 16% general aviation and 5% military. There are 217 aircraft based at this airport: 51% single-engine, 21% multi-engine, 15% military, 9% helicopter and 3% jet.
All Nippon Airways has its Honolulu Office in Airport Building 47. When Mid-Pacific Airlines was in operations, its headquarters were on the airport property.
Terminals
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport has three terminals. A fleet of Chance RT-52 buses provide inter-terminal transportation between the ticket counters of all three terminals and between the concourses in terminals 1 and 2. These buses, known as "Wiki Wiki" buses (from the Hawaiian word for "quick"), are the namesake for the WikiWikiWeb, the first wiki. All gates in the airport are connected post-security; however, passengers walking from Terminal 1 to gates in Terminal 2 must pass through a USDA agricultural inspection station for carry-on luggage.
Effective June 1, 2018, the gate numbers at Daniel K. Inouye International Airport were renamed to an alphanumeric format, and the baggage claim numbers (formerly alphanumeric) were renumbered to numeric. These changes are intended to accommodate expansion with the new Mauka and Diamond Head concourses. Airline and airport employees will direct passengers as needed during the transition period.
Terminal 1 (Hawaiian Airlines)
Terminal 1 mainly serves the inter-island and some US mainland flights and departing international flights of Hawaiian Airlines; most of Hawaiian's U.S. Mainland and International departures leave from gates in Terminal 2. It is designed to handle flights of jet aircraft between the major commercial airports in the Hawaiian Islands. The former Aloha Airlines and Mokulele Airlines Alii Lounge has been converted to a second Hawaiian Airlines Premier Club Lounge near Gate A18 (former gate 56).
On the ground level, Hawaiian Airlines uses Baggage Claims 6-8 (formerly baggage claim area B) for U.S. Mainland arrivals, and Baggage Claims 9-11 (formerly baggage claim area C) are used for inter-island and U.S. Mainland arrivals. International arrivals on Hawaiian Airlines use the International Arrivals Baggage Claim located in Terminal 2. Mokulele Airlines and Aloha Airlines formerly occupied Baggage Claim C.
- Makai Pier contains gates B1-B5 (former gates 49-53).
- Gates A13 to A20 (former gates 54 to 61) are part of the main terminal building.
Terminal 2 (all other airlines)
Terminal 2 serves U.S domestic and international destinations. All luggage departing Hawaii for the US mainland, Guam, or international destinations must clear agricultural inspection. Bags to be checked must be scanned at dedicated agriculture inspection stations near the terminal entrance before checking in. Agricultural inspection for carry-on luggage, however, is carried out at the overseas TSA checkpoints. All boarding gates in Terminal 2 are common use, shared among all airlines, and may change daily as the need arises. No gates are assigned to any specific airline. Terminal 2 is divided into three concourses.
- The Diamond Head Concourse contains gates G1-G6 (former gates 6-11).
- Central Concourse contains gates E1-E10 (former gates 14-23).
- Ewa Concourse contains gates C1-C9 (former gates 26-34).
- Gates F1-F2 (former gates 12-13) and D1-D2 (formerly 24-25) are part of the main terminal building.
Gates C4 (former 29) and C9 (former 34) in the Ewa Concourse are being remodeled to accommodate the Airbus A380. ANA will fly the A380 between Honolulu and Tokyo beginning in 2019.
Terminal 3 (Gate H1)
Terminal 3 primarily serves the flights of smaller airline Mokulele Airlines, which operates smaller aircraft between the smaller airports in the island chain. Since May 29, 2018, it is located off-site on Aolele Street between the cargo facilities of Delta Air Lines and United Airlines.
The commuter terminal was originally a single story facility located north of Terminal 1 adjacent to Nimitz Highway, but was closed on June 1, 2018 for demolition in order to make way for the Mauka Concourse expansion of Terminal 1. Originally, a replacement commuter terminal was planned to be built on the Diamond Head side of the airport. Since those plans, however, three of the four airlines occupying the commuter terminal ceased operations, and the last (Mokulele) significantly cut back their service. This reduction in commuter airline service as well as higher than expected project cost led to the cancellation of the project.
Boarding and deplaning is conducted directly on the tarmac, using an auxiliary incline ramp to avoid the air-stairs. Passengers who depart from the commuter terminal bound for another island, and are connecting to a flight bound for the U.S. mainland may not have baggage checked through to their final destination. The bags must be claimed at the next airport and be re-checked after completing pre-departure agriculture inspection formalities.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Fixed-base operators
A number of fixed-base operators are located along Lagoon Drive on the airport's southeastern perimeter. While these focus on general aviation services, there are a few small passenger airline operations that operate from these facilities, rather than from the main terminal complex. Air tour flights typically depart from this area as well.
Traffic and statistics
The largest airline at Honolulu airport is Hawaiian Airlines offering 13,365 seats per day, which represents a 45% market share. The No. 2 and No. 3 carriers are United and Japan Airlines (JAL) with 7.7% and 7.4% market share respectively.
Traffic between Honolulu and the mainland United States is dominated by flights to and from Los Angeles and San Francisco. These two cities, plus Seattle, account for around half of all flights between the mainland and Honolulu. Hawaiian Airlines, with 11 routes, has the highest market share on routes between Honolulu and the continental United States.
Internationally, Japan is the dominant market. Two-thirds of international seats head for Nagoya, Osaka, and Tokyo (both Haneda and Narita airports) with services provided by Japan Airlines, Air Japan, China Airlines, Korean Airlines, Delta, Hawaiian, or United. Narita alone is served with 61 weekly departures and is the second busiest international route from the United States, trailing only the lucrative John F. Kennedy Airport-London Heathrow route.
Other major international routes are to Seoul (25 weekly departures operated by Korean Airlines, Asiana Airlines, Hawaiian, and Jin Air), Sydney (12 weekly departures operated by Hawaiian, Jetstar and Qantas) and Vancouver (19 weekly departures split between Air Canada and Westjet).
In October 2009, China-based Hainan Airlines was granted approval for a nonstop flight from Honolulu to Beijing. It would be the first mainland Chinese carrier to serve Hawaii and the airline's second US destination after Seattle. The airline originally planned to launch the service by the summer of 2010, but the route has been further delayed due to visa concerns and landing fees. China Eastern, however, announced that it will begin nonstop flights from Honolulu to Shanghai on August 9, 2011 instead, marking the first ever direct, regularly scheduled service between China and Hawaii. On January 21, 2014, Air China launched the second China-Hawaii route with nonstop flights from Honolulu to Beijing, also the first nonstop route between the 2 cities.
Las Vegas based Allegiant Air used to offer once-weekly non-stop service to many smaller markets in the mainland Western United States. These cities included Bellingham, Boise, Eugene, Fresno, Spokane, and Stockton. Allegiant still offers service to Las Vegas and Los Angeles. It was announced that Allegiant plans to drop service to Honolulu altogether in August 2016.
Top destinations
Annual traffic
Public transport
TheBus routes 19, 20, and 31 stop on the upper (departure) level of the airport. Routes 19 and 20 connect the airport to Pearlridge Center (20 only), Hickam AFB (19 only), Downtown Honolulu, Ala Moana Center, and Waikiki. Route 31 connects the airport to Tripler Army Medical Center, via Kalihi Transit Center. Routes 9, 40, 40A, 42, and 62 run on Nimitz Highway within walking distance of the airport.
When Honolulu Rail Transit phase II opens in 2025, there will be a station at the airport connecting it to Downtown Honolulu and points west of the airport.
Accidents and incidents
- On March 22, 1955, a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster transport on descent to a landing in darkness and heavy rain strayed off course and crashed into Pali Kea Peak in the southern part of Oahu's Waianae Range, killing all 66 people on board. It remains the worst air disaster in Hawaii's history and the deadliest heavier-than-air accident in the history of U.S. naval aviation.
- On July 22, 1962, Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301, a Bristol Britannia 314 crashed while it attempted a "go-around". 27 of the 40 passengers and crew on board were killed.
- Vickers Viscount N7410 of Aloha Airlines was damaged beyond repair when it collided on the ground with Douglas DC-9-31 N906H of Hawaiian Airlines on June 27, 1969.
- On August 8, 1971, Vickers Viscount N7415 of Aloha Airlines was damaged beyond economic repair when a fire broke out upon landing.
- Pan Am Flight 830: a bomb exploded aboard as the aircraft prepared for approach to Honolulu from Tokyo on August 11, 1982. One teenager was killed and 15 others were injured. The aircraft did not disintegrate, and made a safe emergency landing in Honolulu.
- Aloha Airlines Flight 243: flying from Hilo to Honolulu International Airport on April 28, 1988, experienced a rapid decompression. An 18-foot-long (5.5 m) section of the fuselage roof and sides were torn from the airplane, due to metal fatigue. Out of the 89 passengers and 6 crew members, the only fatality was a flight attendant blown out of the airplane. Several passengers sustained life-threatening injuries. The aircraft diverted to Kahului Airport.
- United Airlines Flight 811: a Boeing 747 carrying 3 flight crew, 15 cabin crew and 337 passengers from Honolulu to Auckland on February 24, 1989, suffered rapid decompression when a cargo door separated from the aircraft after takeoff from the Reef Runway. Nine passengers were swept from the aircraft. The plane returned to Honolulu.
- Bojinka plot: a plot discovered by United States and Filipino intelligence authorities after a fire in a Manila apartment, included in its first phase the planned detonation of bombs aboard several flights inbound to, or outbound from, Honolulu on January 21, 1995. The Bojinka plot later developed into the September 11 attacks.
- On February 2, 2016, the pilot of a Cessna 337 Skymaster, making a trip to nearby Kalaeloa Airport from Honolulu International Airport, discovered his landing gear would not retract. Spending around 2 hours circling to burn fuel, he made an emergency water landing in Sea Lane 4/22 off of Lagoon Drive. The 68-year-old pilot did not require transportation to the hospital.
In popular culture
The airport has been featured in several episodes of the Hawaii Five-0 (2010) television series, as well as in the 2006 film, Snakes on a Plane, and the 2014 film Godzilla. The latter was actually only featured in a single exterior shot as all scenes filmed at the "airport" were actually filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia.
References
External links
- Honolulu International Airport
- Honolulu International Airport Flight Information
- Hickam Air Force Base
- FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective July 19, 2018
- Resources for this airport:
- FAA airport information for HNL
- AirNav airport information for PHNL
- ASN accident history for HNL
- FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
- NOAA/NWS latest weather observations for PHNL
- SkyVector aeronautical chart for HNL
- Check current FAA delays for this airport
Source of article : Wikipedia
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