China Clipper (NC14716) was the first of three Martin M-130 four-engine flying boats built for Pan American Airways and was used to inaugurate the first commercial transpacific airmail service from San Francisco to Manila in November 1935. Built at a cost of $417,000 by the Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland, it was delivered to Pan Am on October 9, 1935. It was one of the largest airplanes of its time.
On November 22, 1935, it took off from Alameda, California in an attempt to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean. Although its inaugural flight plan called for the China Clipper to fly over the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (still under construction at the time), upon take-off the pilot realized the plane would not clear the structure, and was forced to fly narrowly under instead. On November 29, the airplane reached its destination, Manila, after traveling via Honolulu, Midway Island, Wake Island, and Guam, and delivered over 110,000 pieces of mail. The crew for this flight included Edwin C. Musick as pilot and Fred Noonan as navigator The inauguration of ocean airmail service and commercial air flight across the Pacific was a significant event for both California and the world. Its departure point is California Historical Landmark #968 and can be found in Naval Air Station Alameda.
Video China Clipper
World War II
The China Clipper was painted olive drab with a large American flag painted below the cockpit. The China Clipper was referred to as "Sweet Sixteen" by Pan American personnel. The "Sixteen" is a reference to the aircraft's registration number NC14716.
Maps China Clipper
Loss
The China Clipper remained in Pan Am service until January 8, 1945, when it was destroyed in a crash in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Flight 161 had started at Miami bound for Leopoldville in the Belgian Congo, making its first stop to refuel at Puerto Rico before flying on to Port-of-Spain. After one missed approach, on the second approach to land it came down too low and hit the water at a high speed and nose-down a mile-and-a-quarter short of its intended landing area. The impact broke the hull in two which quickly flooded and sank. Twenty-three passengers and crew were killed; there were seven survivors including Captain C.A. Goyette, Pilot-in-Command for the flight, and Captain L.W. Cramer, First Officer, who was flying the plane from the left seat when it crashed.
On April 24, 1946 the Civil Aeronautics Board released its accident investigation report with the following findings "upon the basis of all available evidence":
- The carrier, aircraft and pilots had proper certificates.
- Captain Cramer, having very limited flight time in the aircraft, was at the controls with Captain Goyette acting in a supervisory capacity.
- Conditions of weather and water surface within the vicinity of Port-of-Spain were satisfactory for a safe approach and landing.
- The plane first contacted the water at a higher-than-normal landing speed, and in a nose-low attitude.
- The crash occurred at a point one-and-a-quarter miles short of the intended landing area.
- Forces created by the speeds of the plane on its contact with the water and the excessive nose-down-attitude caused failure of the hull bottom and its structure resulting in rapid submersion of the aircraft.
- Landing of the aircraft in the attitude indicated, under the then-existing conditions of water surface and weather, was due to Cramer's having misjudged his true altitude and his failure to correct his attitude for a normal landing.
- At the time of the accident Captain Cramer was not wearing eyeglasses as required by his pilot certificate.
- Captain Goyette, in command of the aircraft and with full knowledge of Cramer's limited experience in the Martin M-130, failed to exercise sufficient supervision of the landing.
- Probable Cause: On the basis of the above findings, the Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was: (1) First Officer Cramer's failure to realize his proximity to the water and to correct his attitude for a normal landing and, (2) the lack of adequate supervision by the Captain during the landing resulting in the inadvertent flight into the water in excess of normal landing speed and in a nose-down attitude.
Legacy
Both the United States and Philippine Islands issued stamps for Air Mail carried on the first flights in each direction of PAA's Transpacific "China Clipper" service between San Francisco, CA, and Manila, PI. (November 22 - December 6, 1935)
First National Pictures released the movie China Clipper in 1936. It told a thinly disguised bio of the life of Juan Trippe during the founding of PanAm. The film made use of much documentary footage of the actual airplane, as well as aerial photography created specifically for the production. It was also one of Humphrey Bogart's early roles.
Footage of the China Clipper, and/or possibly other M-130s loading and taking off from Alameda, is included in the 1937 comedy film Fly-Away Baby and the 1939 adventure film Secret Service of the Air.
The China Clipper is also a significant setting in the contemporaneous radio serial Speed Gibson of the International Secret Police (1937-1939). More recently, it was referenced in the Monkees song "Zilch" from the album "Headquarters" released on May 22nd, 1969. Davey Jones can be heard repeating "China Clipper calling Alameda" in that track.
See also
- Hawaii Clipper disappeared in 1938
- Pan Am Flight 1104, crash of Philippine Clipper in 1943
References
Notes
Bibliography
- "Alameda". California Historical Landmarks. Office of Historical Preservation. Retrieved 2005-08-25.
- Cohen, Stan Wings to the Orient, Pan-Am Clipper Planes 1935-1945 Pictorial Histories.
- "Transpacific" Time (Magazine), December 2, 1935
- Accident description at Air Safety Network
External links
- China Clipper - The Martin 130
- "China Clipper is Giant of Pacific Air Fleet" Popular Mechanics, January 1936
Source of article : Wikipedia
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