Moloka?i (; Hawaiian: ['molo'k??i]), nicknamed "The Friendly Isle", is the fifth largest island of eight major islands that make up the Hawaiian Island Chain in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It is 38 by 10 miles (61 by 16 km) in size at its extreme length and width with a usable land area of 260 square miles (673.40 km2), making it the fifth-largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States. It lies east of O?ahu across the 25-mile (40 km) wide Kaiwi Channel and north of L?na?i, separated from it by the Kalohi Channel.
The island has been known both for developments by Moloka?i Ranch on much of the island, for pineapple production, cattle ranching and tourism. Residents or visitors to the west end of Moloka?i can see the lights of Honolulu on O?ahu at night; they can view nearby L?na?i and Maui from anywhere along the south shore of the island. In Kalawao County, on the Kalaupapa Peninsula on the north coast, settlements were established in 1866 for quarantined treatment of persons with leprosy; these operated until 1969. The Kalaupapa National Historical Park now preserves this entire county and area.
Video Molokai
GeographyEdit
Moloka?i developed from two distinct shield volcanoes known as East Moloka?i and the much smaller West Moloka?i. The highest point is Kamakou on East Moloka?i, at 4,970 feet (1,510 m). Today, East Moloka?i volcano, like the Ko?olau Range on O?ahu, is what remains of the southern half of the original mountain. The northern half suffered a catastrophic collapse about 1.5 million years ago and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. What remains of the volcano on the island include the highest sea cliffs in the world. The south shore of Moloka?i boasts the longest fringing reef in the U.S. and its holdings--nearly 25 miles (40 km) long.
Moloka?i is part of the state of Hawai?i and located in Maui County, except for the Kalaupapa Peninsula, which is separately administered as Kalawao County. Maui County encompasses Maui, L?na?i, and Kaho?olawe in addition to Moloka?i. The largest town on the island is Kaunakakai, which is one of two small ports on the island. Moloka?i Airport is located on West Moloka?i. The United States Census Bureau divides the island into three census tracts: Census Tract 317 and Census Tract 318 of Maui County, Hawai?i, and Census Tract 319 of Kalawao County, Hawai?i. The total 2010 census population of these was 7,345, living on a land area of 260.02 square miles (673.45 km2). Moloka?i is separated from O?ahu on the west by the Kaiwi Channel, from Maui on the southeast by the Pailolo Channel, and from L?na?i on the south by the Kalohi Channel.
Maps Molokai
EcologyEdit
Moloka?i is split into two main geographical areas. The low western half is very dry and the soil is heavily denuded due to poor land management practices, which allowed over-grazing by goats. It lacks significant ground cover and virtually the entire section is covered in non-native kiawe (Prosopis pallida) trees. One of the few natural areas remaining almost intact are the coastal dunes of Mo?omomi, which are part of a Nature Conservancy preserve.
The eastern half of the island is a high plateau rising up to an elevation of 4,900 ft (1,500 m) on Kamakou peak and includes the 2,774 acres (11.23 km2; 4.334 sq mi) Moloka?i Forest Reserve. The eastern half is covered with lush wet forests that get more than 300 in (7,600 mm) of rain per year. The high-elevation forests are populated by native ??hi?a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) trees and an extremely diverse endemic flora and fauna in the understory. Much of the summit area is protected by the Nature Conservancy's Kamakou and Pelekunu valley preserves. Below 4,000 feet (1,200 m), the vegetation is dominated by exotic flora, including strawberry guava (Psidium littorale), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), and cypress (Cupressus spp.). Introduced axis deer (Axis axis) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) roam native forests, destroying native plants, expanding exotic plants through disturbance and distribution of their seeds, and threatening endemic insects. Near the summit of Kamakou is the unique Pepepae bog, where dwarf ??hi?a and other plants cover the soggy ground.
Moloka?i is home to a great number of endemic plant and animal species. However, many of its species, including the oloma?o (Myadestes lanaiensis), k?k?wahie (Paroreomyza flammea), and the Molokai ???? (Moho bishopi) have become extinct. Moloka?i is home to a wingless fly among many other endemic insects.
HistoryEdit
It used to be thought that Moloka?i was first settled around AD 650 by indigenous peoples most likely from the Marquesas Islands. However, a 2010 study using revised, high-precision radiocarbon dating based on more reliable samples has established that the period of eastern Polynesian colonization of the Marquesas Islands took place much later, in a shorter time frame of two waves: the "earliest in the Society Islands c. 1025-1120, four centuries later than previously assumed; then after 70-265 years, dispersal continued in one major pulse to all remaining islands c. 1190-1290." Later migrants likely came from Tahiti and other south Pacific islands. Although Captain James Cook recorded sighting Moloka?i in 1778, the first European sailor to visit the island was Captain George Dixon of the British Royal Navy in 1786. The first significant European influence came in 1832 when a Protestant mission was established at Kalua?aha on the East End of the island by Reverend Harvey Hitchcock. The first farmer on Moloka?i to grow, produce and mill sugar and coffee commercially was Rudolph Wilhelm Meyer, an immigrant from Germany who arrived in 1850. He built the first and only sugar mill on the island in 1878, which is now a museum. Ranching began on Moloka?i in the first half of the 19th-century when King Kamehameha V set up a country estate on the island, which was managed by Meyer and became what is now the Moloka?i Ranch. In the late 1800s, Kamehameha V built a vacation home in Kaunakakai and ordered the planting of over 1,000 coconut trees in Kapuaiwa Coconut Grove.
Leper colonyEdit
Leprosy (also known as Hansen's disease) was among Eurasian diseases introduced to the Hawaiian islands by traders, sailors, workers and others who lived in societies where these diseases were endemic. Because of the islanders' lack of immunity to the new diseases, they suffered high rates of infection and death from smallpox, cholera and whooping cough, as well as leprosy. Sugar planters were worried about the effects on their labor force and pressured the government to take action to control the spread of leprosy.
The legislature passed a control act requiring quarantine of people with leprosy. The government established Kalawao located on the isolated Kalaupapa peninsula on the northern side of Moloka?i, followed by Kalaupapa as the sites of a leper colony that operated from 1866 to 1969. Because Kalaupapa had a better climate and sea access, it developed as the main community. A research hospital was developed at Kalawao. The population of these settlements reached a peak of 1100 shortly after the turn of the 20th century.
In total over the decades, more than 8500 men, women and children living throughout the Hawaiian islands and diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the colony by the Hawaiian government and legally declared dead. This public health measure was continued after the Kingdom became a U.S. territory. Patients were not allowed to leave the settlement nor have visitors and had to live out their days here. In the 21st century, there are no persons on the island with active cases of leprosy, which has been controlled through medication, but some former patients chose to continue to live in the settlement after its official closure.
Father Damien de Veuster, a Belgian priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary served as a missionary for 16 years in the communities of sufferers of leprosy. Joseph Dutton, who served in the 13th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War, and who converted to Roman Catholicism in 1883, came to Moloka?i in 1886 to help Father Damien and the rest of the population who suffered from leprosy. He stayed there until his own death in 1889. Mother Marianne Cope of the Sisters of Saint Francis of Syracuse, New York, brought six of her Sisters to work in Hawai?i with leprosy sufferers in the late 19th century, also serving on Moloka?i. Both Father Damien and Mother Marianne have been canonized as saints by the Roman Catholic Church for their charitable work and devotion to sufferers of leprosy. In December 2015, the cause of Joseph Dutton was formally opened, obtaining him the title Servant of God.
EconomyEdit
Over the years the Ranch company has also acted as a developer, establishing hotels and related amenities for resort tourists on their property and over the same period of time has seen protests and illegal activities by community activists such as fence cutting and poisoning of the Ranch's exotic African Safari animals in 1994, an arson attack on a recently renovated Ranch house at Kaupoa in 1995 or the destruction of five miles of Ranch water pipes in 1996. In 2007 community residents organized the "Save La?au Point" movement to oppose Moloka?i Ranch's attempt to expand its resort operation. As a result, on March 24, 2008, Moloka?i Ranch, then the island's largest employer, decided to shut down all resort operations, including hotels, movie theater, restaurants, and golf course, and dismiss 120 workers. In September 2017 the company that owns Moloka?i Ranch, Singapore-based Guoco Leisure Ltd, put this 55,575 acre property, encompassing 35% of the island of Moloka?i, on the market for $260 million.
Because of its rural, agricultural nature, Moloka?i has Hawai?i's highest unemployment rate. One third of its residents use food stamps. As of 2014, the largest industry on the island is seed production for Monsanto and Mycogen Seeds, including GMO seeds.
TourismEdit
The tourism industry on Moloka?i is relatively small, compared to the other islands in Hawai?i. Only 64,767 tourists visited Moloka?i in 2015. For years, residents of Moloka?i have resisted private developers' attempts to dramatically increase tourism. Accommodations are limited; as of 2014, only one hotel was open on the island. Most tourists find lodgings at rental condos and houses.
National Geographic Traveler magazine and the National Geographic Center for Sustainable Destinations conduct annual Destination Scorecard surveys, aided by George Washington University. In 2007, a panel of 522 experts in sustainable tourism and destination stewardship reviewed 111 selected human-inhabited islands and archipelagos around the world. Moloka?i ranked 10th among the 111 destination locales. The survey cited Moloka?i's pristine, breathtaking tropical landscape; environmental stewardship; rich and deep Hawaiian traditions (the island's mana); and visitor-friendly culture. The neighbor islands of Hawai?i, Kaua?i, Maui and O?ahu, ranked 50, 61, 81 and 104, respectively.
Moloka?i is believed to be the birthplace of the hula. The annual Moloka? Ka Hula Piko festival is held on this island.
Moloka?i can be reached by plane. Planes fly into Moloka?i daily from other Hawaiian islands including O?ahu (Honolulu and Kalaeloa), Maui (Kahului) and Hawai?i (Kona) on Mokulele Airlines, Makani Kai Air, Paragon Air and Hawaiian Airlines.
A ferry that formerly sailed between Moloka?i and L?hain? Harbor, Maui closed operations on October 27, 2016. Sea Link President and Senior Capt. Dave Jung attributed the closure to competition from federally subsidized commuter air travel and declining ridership.
InfrastructureEdit
Health careEdit
The island of Moloka?i is served by Moloka?i General Hospital, which operates all day, every day. It is also serviced by Moloka?i Community Health Center, Moloka?i Family Health Center, and Dr. Daniel McGuire, MD.
EducationEdit
The island public school system includes 4 elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. There is also a community college. The island has one private middle/high school.
HighwaysEdit
The island can be traversed by a single lane highway running east to west (highways 450 and 460). Highway 470 is a spur up to the barrier mountains of Kalawao County and the Kalaupapa peninsula. By land this area (Kalaupapa) can only be reached by mule and hiking trails. Most access to the Kalaupapa peninsula is by sea.
ParksEdit
The island contains many parks and other protected areas, including Pala?au State Park, Kiowea Beach Park, Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge, Moloka?i Forest Reserve, Pelekunu Preserve, George Murphy Beach Park, Halawa Beach Park, and Papohaku Beach Park (3 miles of pristine beach) in the portion within Maui County. Today Kalawao County is preserved by the Kalaupapa National Historical Park (accessible by guided mule or hiking tour).
Notable peopleEdit
- Mother Marianne Cope, 19th-century nun and saint
- Father Damien de Veuster, 19th-century Catholic priest and saint
- Joseph Dutton, Catholic missionary who worked with Father Damien
- Harvey Rexford Hitchcock, Protestant missionary
- Peter Johnson Gulick, Protestant missionary
- Linda Lingle, 6th Governor of Hawai?i
- William Ragsdale, popular Hawaiian attorney and politician, who served as superintendent at Kalaupapa for four years (1874-1878)
- Scott D. Whiting, President and CEO of Moloka?i Ranch
- Rudolph Wilhelm Meyer, politician and agricultural businessman in Hawai?i
- Lois-Ann Yamanaka, poet and novelist
- Harvey Rexford Hitchcock, Jr., 1913 College Football All-America Team
- Melveen Leed, singer
- Keith Luuloa, professional baseball player (Anaheim Angels)
RoyaltyEdit
- Nuakea, High Chieftess of Moloka?i
- Hualani, High Chieftess of Moloka?i in 9th century
- Ke?olo?ewa-a-Kamauaua, 2nd Ali?i Aimoku (High Chief) of Moloka?i
- Kapauanuakea, 3rd Ali?i Aimoku (High Chief) of Moloka?i
- Kamauliwahine, 4th Ali?i Aimoku (High Chief) of Moloka?i
- Kanipahu, High Chief of Moloka?i in the 11th century
- Kamauaua, High Chief of Moloka?i in the 11th or 13th century
- Kaupeepeenuikauila, Prince of Moloka?i in the 12th century
- Kahokuohua, High Chief of Moloka?i in the 15th century
- Kalanipehu, High Chief of Moloka?i in the 17th century
- Kanealai, High Chieftess and Queen Regent of Moloka?i in the 18th century
Towns and villagesEdit
- Ho?olehua
- Kalaupapa
- Kalawao
- Kaunakakai
- Kualapu?u
- Maunaloa
See alsoEdit
- Ali?i Aimoku of Moloka?i
- Father Damien of Moloka?i
- Ke ?Aupuni Lokahi
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii#Molokai
- Koolau the Leper, a short story by Jack London
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Coffman, Tom (2003). The Island Edge of America: A Political History of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2662-8.
- Engledow, Jill (March 2007). "Where Tradition Holds Sway". Maui N? Ka ?Oi Magazine. 11 (2). Article about traditional hula halau on Moloka?i
- Farber, Joseph M. (1997). Ancient Hawaiian Fishponds: Can Restoration Succeed on Moloka?i?. Neptune House Publications. ISBN 978-0-9659782-0-0.
- Lee, Pali Jae Kealohilani (1984). Mo?olelo O Na Po Makole. Paia-Kapela-Willis, ?Ohana.
- Lo, Catharine. "On the Rocks". Hana Hou!. 9 (6). Article about Hawaiian limpets, a traditional delicacy known locally as ?opihi.
- Tayman, John (11 May 2010). The Colony: The Harrowing True Story of the Exiles of Molokai. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-5192-8.
Further readingEdit
- Starbird, Ethel A. (August 1981). "Molokai--Forgotten Hawaii". National Geographic. Vol. 160 no. 2. pp. 188-219. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
External linksEdit
- Molokai travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official Molokai Visitors Association website
- The Molokai Dispatch, weekly print community newspaper
Source of article : Wikipedia
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